In the latter section of 1990 we watched intently as the war inside the Gulf began. For the 1st time ever sold cameras and reporters were reporting from the front lines. Throughout the war we watched the bombs exploding survive television, but it only looked as if someone had just set off Fourth of July fireworks. Was it really designed to appear to be this? The media only gave us a glimpse of what the war was like and reported the rest. They talked about the mass casualties and every one of the lives that were lost, though the media only reported what you wanted us to know. Susan Sontag (2003) said when it comes to war, "The feeling that something had to become done in regards to the war in Bosnia was built through the attentions of journalists ---'the CNN effect' as it was sometimes called" (p. 104). People have intensified their feelings in regards to the Gulf War in line with the media exposure on the was designed to be live through the front lines. According to John Taylor, (1998) "Allied soldiers wore night-vision goggles to find out tanks inside dark, and mirrored driving goggles for protection from your sun. They appeared as if cyborgs within their amazing machines, or kitted over to survive early-modern weapons like gas or chemicals. Even civilians 'Under fire' in Israel were thoroughly protected from gas attacks within their protective suits and masks. What the cyborg myth obscured was the faultiness with the masks, even ultimately causing some deaths through misuse: the instructions were in Arabic"(p.174).
John Taylor asserted "in the perspective in the coalition forces, led through the United States and backed by UN resolutions against Iraq, not just was the Gulf War of 1991 brief, but no armies were lost, and intensely few allied combatants died. The numbers were small enough to publicize, though they vary a bit, depending on whether the counting begins with the arrival of troops in Saudia Arabia in August 1990 and so includes accidental deaths or perhaps is limited by the time scale of fighting in 1991"(p.160). John Taylor also wrote that "According towards the historian Philip Taylor, writing in 1992, and also the journalist David Fairhall, writing in 1996, there have been 266 American dead (105 prior to war began); forty-seven British dead (the largest group being killed by US 'friendly' fire); two French dead; one Italian dead; twenty-nine Saudis dead; nine Egyptians dead; six UAE dead. Some Israeli civilians were killed by Iraqi missile attacks, although amount of coalition dead was small in comparison with estimates of enemy dead, which remain high but vague. The coalition never attempted to count the number of Iraqis killed, as war propaganda determined that they are not the principle target"(p.160).
John Taylor mentioned that "when General Schwarzkopf, leader from the UN alliance, was inquired about Iraqi casualties, he replied, 'we aren't inside business of killing'. General Colin Powell, chairman with the joint chiefs of staff, declared he had not been 'terribly interested in' the quantity of Iraqi soldiers and civilians killed. When the US National Resource Defense Council used the Freedom of Information Act to wring a quote in the variety of Iraqi casualties from your Defense Intelligence Agency, it estimated the Iraqi dead being 'in the range of one hundred thousand'. But that number were built with a grotesque statistical margin of error of 50 % or higher, which suggests a 'low' estimate of fifty thousand. Official US government estimates have ranged even lower: ten to thirty thousand; the French guessed how the death toll was two hundred thousand; noisy . March 1991, before he pointed out that silence on the matter was more essential that disclosure, General Schwarzkopf said, 'we have to have killed 100,000. Such moments of candour turned over to be rare, along with the increasing refusal being clear about military deaths ensures that the volume of Iraqi soldiers to be killed had ceased to get central coupled with become next to the point and even theoretical"(p.160). It seems that that the statistics on quantity of casualties were distorted towards the extent it is made to take a look like more American soldiers were killed than were Iraqis. As if to say that individuals suffered more in this war at the hands in the Iraqis than they did.
Jean Baudrillard (1991) says "We are common hostages of media intoxication, induced to think in the war equally as we were once led to think inside revolution in Romania, and confined for the simulacrum of war as though confined to quarters" (p. 25). In his book "The Gulf War Did Not Take Place," Baudrillard (1991) explores the idea how the gulf war was only an offer to have support for the war, he states "Any more than 10,000 a great deal of bombs daily is sufficient transform it into a war" (p. 61). To me he or she is saying it would have a many more ammunition to make a war than what was utilized.
The media was attempting to make us think that a war was being waged than was really happening. In Paul Patton's summary of Baudrillard's (1991) book, Patton relates the gulf war to that particular of "A war played on a simulator complete with lifelike images" (p. 4). I will admit that a person can take short clips from raw footage and insert them right into a documentary in just a news reel making them to be footage from the war that is actually likely to be occurring. The people watching wouldn't straight away even know where the footage came from and would assume which it was raw footage from your front lines in the battlefield. According to videos entitled "Toxic Sludge is good for You," by Author John Stauber (2002), "newsroom managers are under tremendous pressure to create more at a lower price and the Public Relations industry takes advantage of this vulnerability." This production inside newsroom is the thing that is ordered by propagandists to sanitize what exactly is really happening behind the scenes.
John Taylor (1998) says, "the BBC's former war correspondent Martin Bell, complained that censorship for reasons of 'good taste' prevented him from reporting a realistic look at war in Bosnia. He was forbidden to show bodies, or even blood, for fear of breaking the guidelines then in position. Bell wrote, 'in your anxiety never to offend and upset people, we had arrived not merely sanitizing war but even prettifying it, as though it were a sufficient way of settling disputes, as well as victims never bled to death but instead expired gracefully from sight. How tactful of which I thought. But war is real and war is terrible. War can be a bad taste business."(p. 75)
In the summary of Baudrillard's book "The Gulf War failed to Take Place", Patton explains "Technological simulacra neither displace nor deter the violent reality of war, they've become an integral a part of its operational procedures. Virtual environments are incorporated into operational warplanes, filtering the true scene and presenting aircrew using a more readable world"(p.4). This can blur the lines of virtual reality and actuality, making the media far more effective at inventing news stories that really didn't exist.
John Taylor (1998) says in his book "Body Horror", "The publicity about super-added hero fighters kept up morale on the home front, suggesting that troops-going-forward would soon be troops-coming-home. Most publicity avoided humans and showed how superior machines would overcome inferior ones. By 'wasting' the enemy's weapons, radar sites and computerized control centers with 'clean' technology the coalition designed to use its very own well honed rhetoric to convince its publics that war was no longer horrible. 'History 's what hurts', writes Frederic Jameson, however the techno-war inside Gulf didn't apparently hurt many individuals, plus they were mostly people nobody knew who were considered to never matter. The imagery of the techno-war emerged as unpeopled, as functional 'instruments without accountability in a contrivance of data - abstract, quantitative, unassailable, and completely alterable" (p.175).
Susan Sontag (1977) references Diane Arbus' photographs she says, "To discover (through photographing) that our life is 'really a melodrama,' to comprehend your camera being a weapon of aggression, implies there'll be casualties" (p. 39). This means, there are significant effects about the public or anyone who takes in the visual meaning of any war photography. When the media shows film clips inside their news stories of issues that didn't happen in the war taking place chances are they risk owning an individual psychologically affected.
I think Susan Sontag (2003) is applicable for the historical continuity of staging war she says "not surprisingly, many with the canonical images of early war photography turn in the market to have been staged, or to have experienced their subjects tampered with. After reaching the much-shelled valley approaching Sebastopol in their horse-drawn darkroom, Fenton made two exposures make up the same tripod position: inside the first version in the celebrated photograph he was to call 'The valley from the Shadow of Death,' the cannonballs are thick on the ground for the left in the road, when taking the second picture-the one that is always reproduced-he oversaw the scattering of cannonballs around the road itself" (pp. 53-54). This type of photography also gives an impersonal relationship toward war, distancing the general public from personal responsibility.
John Taylor (1998) procedes add "Removing horror from your popular, historical comprehension of killing (or dying) for your country is one effect of contemporary war management, doable from the 'virtual' nature of warfare practiced by highly developed nations organized and led with the United States. In his critique of 'virtual' war Baudrillard will not maintain, as Christopher Norris suggests, that there are no 'operative difference between truth and falsehood'. However, Baudrillard's three essays of 1991 clearly provide the impression he thinks the war won't occur, it really had not been happening, lastly that it 'would not come about'. He is insisting not that nothing happened but that this coalition so planned well the war like a mediated event that it is editing preceded its happening. Planning the mediation with the war went in conjunction with planning the military strategy had to retake the territory."
Although the photographs may have been fabricated to a certain degree of superficiality, we are able to have an idea of what war is similar to within the eyes of reporters and cameramen and some women who happen to be there. For they've witnessed firsthand just what the ammunition of our own enemies are capable of doing towards the body system, it's no remorse to the strong or weak or whether we have been young or old. Pictures of war can be taken to warn us of coming destruction. Pictures of war also can remind us from the beauty within ourselves and life around us compared to the atrocities of war.
This reminds me with the passage authored by Susan Sontag in "Regarding the Pain of Others" (2003), "Among single antiwar images, the massive photograph that Jeff Wall manufactured in 1992 titled 'Dead Troops Talk' usually me exemplary in their thoughtfulness and power. The antitheses of your document, the picture, a Cibachrome transparency seven and a half feet high and more than thirteen feet wide and mounted on the light box, shows figures posed in the landscape, a blasted hillside, that has been constructed inside artist's studio. Wall, that's Canadian, was not ever in Afghanistan. The ambush can be a made-up event inside a savage war that had been much inside news. Wall set as his task the imagining of war's horror such as nineteenth-century history painting and other varieties of history-as-spectacle that emerged inside the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries---just before the invention of the camera---such as tableaux vivants, wax displays, dioramas, and panoramas, which made days gone by, specially the immediate past, seem astonishingly, disturbingly real" (p. 123-124). This is being a person might understand the Gulf war as he/she lies awake inside horrific nightmare of events that overcome the soldiers. Events which also become very real to innocent bystanders being enravaged from the war torn cities and towns of missile strikes and machine-gun fire.
According to John Taylor (1998), "The censors would not simply dupe the house front and betray the soldiers. Instead, photography, in addition to language, was adopted to support what Mary Douglas called 'cherished classifications' or beliefs that have been widely held by civilians and soldiers alike. The press scarcely departed from repeating the classifications which separate 'clean' from 'dirty', or wholesome from defiled. The war because the press represented it hardly ever forced readers to spotlight dirt, since 'our strongest mental habit' rejects discordant or abject materials. Far from overthrowing 'cherished classifications,' the function of photography ended up being to establish them against whatever actual conditions prevailed."(p. 188)
Upon research for the sanitizing of the Gulf War, I found information that will lead me to documents produced by Military Intelligence which by some circumstances would prove the involvement in the government inside the sanitizing of the Gulf War by way from the media and press associations. I found why these documents were either destroyed or were just deleted from online files pertaining to Government documentation with the Sanitizing from the Gulf War. The internet files that pertain for the sanitizing from the gulf by way of government files still have available links to venture to but simply mention blank pages. According for the small amount of info found on "DTIC.Mil, anonymous written (7.10.2008) by a mystery member with the Maxwell Air Force Base community "...during the Persian Gulf War, the United States out...member nations. Still, the UN must rely entirely for the information provided...analyze information. While the United States presently...It may require "sanitizing" information produced...." Although this might not prove the sanitizing coming from all information collected through the Gulf War it lets you do in some manner prove how the idea was raised for sanitizing information from the government community around the Gulf War.
During the media coverage with the war inside the Persian Gulf, the headlines in the stories as reported about the television always had headlines to catch the eye in the interested. Every once in the as the daily story contained something that could spark a true American to shed their confidence inside defense and United States Intelligence Agency. Doug Kellner of UCLA wrote an essay in regards to the corruption from the managing with the war inside Persian Gulf, "The Gulf war was the first war played out on TV with all the whole world watching it unfold, often live. Never before had so many individuals watched a lot news. The nation had rarely, if, been so involved inside a single story."
Doug Kellner of UCLA also wrote in his essay "There was discussion of the vicissitudes of the war during the entire TV day there had probably never been a lot concentrated TV coverage of the specific event on an ongoing basis for your duration from the war. And never had the united states tried and fallen prey to much disinformation and propaganda. For the rest from the Gulf war, both the Bush Administration along with the military vilified Saddam Hussein and the Iraqis whenever feasible while presenting their particular actions, however brutal, in a very positive light to ensure that few negative images appeared of U.S. military actions."
The H. W. Bush administration hired a Public Relations firm, Hill & Knowlton to manipulate what ended up being to become the war coming from all wars. Hill & Knowlton were also a similar ones who manipulated the tobacco company fiasco and also the sanitizing with the war in Uganda. In my mind this was showing the world exactly what the administration could do if provoked and make the public think they're doing what Bush said he would definitely do, knowning that was to pursue those, being Sadam Hussein, who brought injustice upon the American people.
John Taylor (1998) says "In maintaining this need to pander to ingrained Western prejudice, the media were ready to take brutal atrocity stories when they originated from a sufficiently authoritative source" (p.168). We expect a great amount of horrific tales from the things that happen after a war. Taylor also says "Many such stories about murder were designed with the American advertising firm Hill and Knowlton, which planted them in government departments, where they became available for the media. Hill and Knowlton were engaged by a Kuwaiti government group to aid demonize the Iraqis"(p.168).
Doug Kellner declared that "The Big Lie that was repeated daily through the entire war maintained that the U.S-led multinational coalition bombing campaign was precise and was avoiding civilian casualties. This lie was promoted by the two Bush administration along with the U.S. military." Kellner also wrote in their essay that "General Schwarzkopf, in a very January 27 briefing, insisted how the coalition forces 'are absolutely doing more than we have ever have' to prevent casualties and he claimed that 'I think no nation inside reputation warfare' has done more to utilize their technology to minimize civilian casualties also to avoid hitting cultural or religious targets. George Bush echoed this in a February 5 press conference, claiming: 'We are performing everything possible and with good results to reduce collateral [1] damage.... I'd like to say that we are going to extraordinary, and I would venture to state, unprecedented length, to avoid injury to civilians and holy places'." Although the war within the Persian Gulf killed a lot of, it did actually do little to curb the appetite of people ready to do what they have to could to flex their muscles of aggression and prove our strength to foreign nations. But could it be to corrupt the media and defile the general public in order to work with publicity practices to acquire the point across.
John Taylor wrote (1998) in "Body Horror", that "atrocity stories are crucial inside build-up to war or in the continuation. Because enough people believed Saddam Hussein was the identical as Hitler, the coalition felt morally justified in bombing the Iraqis and spreading lies about his activities. Hill and Knowlton's secret campaign succeeded in persuading leading Americans that Iraqi soldiers had killed Kuwaiti infants. Faced with this outrage, Americans didn't baulk when their government bombed Iraq and destroyed the whole urban sanitation network. This action, joined with economic sanctions preventing repair with the infrastructure and insufficient medicine led directly (according to post-war UN figures) for the death of some 170,000 Iraqi infants inside a year, in addition [2] to 567,000 by 1995. The moral, financial and political motivations in the international community were bored with Iraqi children or infants yet to get born. Instead, the authorities either used or were driven by such atrocity stories. Consequently, public opinion am incensed by news that described the murder of innocent babies, women, and also other civilians which it allowed the authorities to kill and frighten enemy civilians in disproportion as well as a long time, without the sense of irony or shame"(p. 169). Are we, like a people so depressed by our daily lives the results of war don't keep us from following through and fighting to the rights of infants and helpless innocents. The moral fiber in the world seems to be crumbling down around us without having regard to human dignity and life. Sanitizing the Gulf War was not merely about making light from the atrocities that portrayed inside media, it is about the horrible things that we like a people did to each other and taking advantage of all from the resources that people have at our disposal only to 'get even'. Is this what the world originates to, we are now using technological advances just to determine if we can prove a place towards the enemy. Maybe we have to sanitize who we are as a people and do something about what's happening at home in your own yard.
Why shall we be so compelled to appear at shocking photographs and wonder in disbelief how someone could mutilate an appearance so horrifically. This war seemed being a war of conscience in certain respect I mean, look how a government tried to mask the mass variety of bodies that lay on the battlefront. It's like we had been a child being protected from everything may destroy our innocence.
Bibliography
1) Kellner, Doug, (date unknown). "TV Goes to War". Essay: "The Persian Gulf TV
War". University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved: (09, December 2009)
2) Paul Patton, introduction. Jean Baudrillard (1991) "The Gulf War didn't Take Place."
Indiana University Press.
3) Sontag, Susan (2003) "Regarding the Pain of Others." Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. New York.
4) Sontag, Susan (1977) "On Photography." Farrar, Strauss and Giroux. New
York.
5) Stauber, John (Author), Robb, Margo., (Producer). (2002). "Toxic Sludge is Good For You."
[Educational Film]. United States: Media Education Foundation (MEF). Retrieved
December 4, 2009, from
6) Taylor, John (1998) "Body Horror." New York University Press. Washington Square, New York.
7) Anonymous. (2008 July 10). Unknown title. Retrieved (December 9, 2009) from source.
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